In Lemon v. Kurtzman, the Supreme Court articulated a three-pronged test to determine whether a particular practice violated the establishment clause, which is now called the Lemon test. The Lemon case was a consolidation of two separate First Amendment challenges to Pennsylvania and Rhode Island statutes that provided state aid to parochial schools. The Pennsylvania statute provided funding for nonpublic elementary and secondary school teachers’ salaries, textbooks and instructional materials for secular subjects. Rhode Island’s statute provided state financial support for nonpublic elementary schools in the form of supplementing 15% of teachers’ annual salaries. The appellants in the Pennsylvania case represented citizens and taxpayers in Pennsylvania who believed that the statute violated the separation of church and state described in the First Amendment. The district court granted the state officials’ motion to dismiss the case. In the Rhode Island case, the district court found in favor of the appellees and held that the statute violated the First Amendment.